Biomass Burning Emissions over Southern Africa
Summary of Deliberations
Data-Analysis
Workshop
University of
Virginia
3 to 5
November 2001
Draft Prepared by Bill Keene
and Jürgen Lobert
7 November 2001
Attendees
Paul Crutzen, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Christelle Hely, University of Virginia
Rupert Holzinger, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
Christof Jost, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
Bill Keene, University of Virginia
Stefania Korontzi, University of Maryland
Tobias Landman, University of Witwatersrand
Jürgen Lobert, Advanced Pollution Instrumentation
John Maben, University of Virginia
Bob Swap, University of Virginia (attended 5 November only)
The meeting involved four main activities:
1. Reviews of the projects objectives, research plan, and operations to date (biofuels sampled and analyzed, types of burns, etc.); most of this information is available through the project web site (http://jurgenlobert.net/projects/mpi_safari/).
2. Reports on the status of individual components of the project including preliminary data analyses and model calculations, schedules for posting outstanding data, and related issues involving data quality.
3. Resolution of possible mechanisms and timeframes for integrating results from the burning experiments in Mainz with those from other components of SAFARI to quantify regional emissions.
4. General discussion with Bob Swap concerning the status of the larger SAFARI effort and related future plans.
Characteristics of biofuels sent to MPI (water content, species composition, etc.)
Lead PIs Bill Keene, UVA / Jürgen Lobert, API
Status preliminary data posted
Elemental composition of biofuels and ash
Lead PIs Bill Keene / John Maben, UVA
Measurement techniques
C, N Carlo Erba elemental analyzer
Cl, Br, I, S, P Parr Bomb digest, ion chromatography
Ca, K Parr Bomb digest, AA spectroscopy
Status
Biofuel C, N, Cl, Br, I, S, P, - preliminary data posted
Biofuel Ca, K not yet available; to be posted in about 1 month
Ash C, N preliminary data posted
Ash Cl, Br, I, S, P preliminary data available; to be posted within a week
Ash Ca, K not yet available; to be posted in about 1 month
CO, CO2, NOx, physical burn data (fuel mass, exhaust through stack, temperature, etc.)
Lead PI Jürgen Lobert, API
Measurement techniques
CO, CO2, NOx - continuous infrared and chemiluminescence analyzers
Physical data - various methods
Status
CO, CO2, NOx - preliminary data posted
Physical data - preliminary data posted
Methylhalids, other halogenated organics, CH4, N2O
Lead PI Jürgen Lobert, API
Measurement Techniques
Methyl halides and other compounds - GC/MS
CH4 - GC/FID; N2O - GC/ECD
Status
Methyl halides - preliminary data to be posted within a month
CH4, N2O - preliminary data to be posted within a month
Other compounds - not yet available, to be posted within 3 months
Soluble reactive trace gases (HCl, SO2, NH3, HONO, CH3COOH, HCOOH
Lead PI Bill Keene / John Maben, UVA
Measurement technique
Sampled with tandem mist chambers
Analyzed by ion chromatography
Status preliminary data posted
Volatile inorganic Cl, Br, and I
Lead PI Bill Keene / John Maben, UVA
Measurement technique
Sampled with hi-vol filterpacks
Analyzed by ion chromatography
Status preliminary data posted
Composition of particles
Lead PI Bill Keene / John Maben, UVA
Measurement technique
Sampled in bulk on quartz-fiber filter
C, N Carlo Erba elemental analyzer
Cl, Br, I, S, P Parr Bomb digest, ion chromatogaphy
Ca, K Parr Bomb digest, AA spectroscopy
Cl-, NO3- , SO42- - Extracted in deionized water, ion chromatography
NH4+, Ca2+, K+, Na+, Mg2+ - extracted in deionized water, AA spec.
Status
Ionic composition not yet available; to be posted in about 2 months
Elemental composition not yet available; to be posted in about 3 months
Volatile organics
Lead PI Rupert Holzinger, MPI
Measurement technique PTR-MS
Status preliminary data available; to be posted in about 1 month
Acetone, acetonitile, SO2
Lead PI Christof Jost, MPI
Measurement technique AP-CIMS
Status preliminary data available; to be posted in about 1 month
Elemental mercury in biofuel and ash
Lead PI Hans Friedli, NCAR
Measurement technique - unknown
Status preliminary data available, to be posted within a week.
Organic
properties and physical characteristics of bulk aerosol
Lead PI Olga Mayol-Bracero /
Pascal Guyon, MPI
Measurement techniques - unknown
Status unknown
Detailed
analysis of fuel loads, areas burned , and C emissions in area of Kruger Park
Lead PI Tobias Landman, U.
Witwaterstrand
Status
Work
in progress
Complete
preliminary analysis available by about May 02
Detailed
analysis of fuel loads, areas burned , and C emissions near Mongu, Zambia
Lead PI Christelle Hely, UVA
Status Complete; draft manuscript
submitted for publication, available in mid-December
Fuel-load
model along transect from Etosha to Zambia
Lead PI Christelle Hely, UVA
Status In progress; available by
about February 02
C-emissions
model for southern Africa
Lead PI Stefania Korontzi / Chris
Justice, UMD and UVA
Status
Version
1 hopefully by spring 02
Final
version by summer/autumn 02
1) Area Burned
Estimated from MODIS with Landsat validation
Sources
David Roy (regional) Dec 01
Stefania Korontzi (regional) Spr 02 (preliminary)
2) Fuel Load
Modeled and validated
Sources
Bob Scholes (regional) Dec 01
Christelle Hely (regional) Feb 02 (probably better quality)
3) Combustion Completeness (percentage of burned fuel)
Modeled with ground truthing
Sources
Tobias Landman (Kruger area) Spr 02
Christelle Hely (Zambia) - available
Stephania Korntzi (regional) Spr 02 (preliminary)
4) Combustion Efficiency (relative percentages of CO and CO2, e.g., modified combustion efficiency, MCE)
Measured during experimental burns in Mainz
Jürgen Lobert available
Measured during specific burns in field
C130
U Washington
Others?
Modeled and validated
Stefania Korontzi (regional) Spr 02 (preliminary)
5) Emission Factors
Measured during experimental burns in Mainz
Scripps/UVA/MPI group (availability see above)
Measured in field during specific burns
C130
U. Washington
Others?
Modeled (C only)
Stefania Korontzi Spr 02 (prelininary)
1) Bias in acetone and acetonitrile measured with PTR-MS and AP-CIMS.
Measurements in ambient air and cal-gas streams agree
Measurements in burn emissions differ systematically by 30% to 100% (PTR-MS is higher)
Detailed testing to date indicates no obvious cause
Action Holzinger and Jost will continue to try to resolve nature of bias
2) Bias in SO2 measured by Keene/Maben and Jost
SO2 measured with mist-chamber technique is systematically higher than that measured by AP-CIMS (by up to an order of magnitude)
Possible causes
- Wall losses (mist-chamber data account for up to 25% losses in 1.2 m inlet; losses in longer AP-CIMS inlet line were not quantified)
- Sources of SO42- in mist solutions other than SO2; e.g.,
Oxidation of SO2 to H2SO4 in inlet
Other S gases that react to form SO42- in mist solutions
- Positive bias in estimating SO2 from integrated mist-chamber sampling (e.g., divergence between SO2 concentration and flux in exhaust gas)
Action Jost and Keene will quantify differences and continue to try to resolve nature of bias
3) Bias in CH3COOH measured by Keene/Maben and Holzinger
CH3COOH measured with mist-chamber technique is systematically higher than that measured by PTR-MS (by many factors)
Possible causes similar to those for SO2 (wall losses are most probable)
Action Holzinger and Keene will quantify differences and continue to try to resolve nature of bias
4) Low analytical resolution for Br and I in biofuels and ash
Action Keene will contact Rich Arimoto and/or Bob Duce to inquire about the possibility of analyzing samples for Br and I via neutron activation at the University of Rhode Island.
5) Mercury data are available but not yet posted on web site
Action Lobert will contact Friedli about posting data
6) Publication status of the Logan and Yevich burning inventory
Action Lobert will ask Yevich about the publication status of that inventory
7) The status of analyses by Mayol-Bracero and Guyon are not known
Action Jost will ask Guyon about the status of that work, Lobert will follow up.
8) Interpretation of PTR-MS data
Action Crutzen and Holzinger will work on this during Jan and Feb
9) Lackson Marufu measured emissions from domestic wood and charcoal burning during SAFARI
Action Lobert will contact Marufu (now at UMD) about his work and possible collaboration with us
10) Bob Yokelson measured emissions from agricultural burns with a FTIR during SAFARI
Action Lobert will contact Yokelson about his work and possible collaboration with us
11) AGU presentations
Action Lobert and Keene will take lead over next month in preparing 2 papers for Fall AGU meeting. Presentations by Korontzi et al. and Hely et al. are also in preparation.
12) Manuscripts
We identified and plan to prepare during Spr 02 the following manuscripts
- Lobert et al., Emissions of methyl halides and other compounds
- Keene et al., Emissions of soluble reactive gases and particulate-phase species
- ? et al, Chemical mass balances in burns, possibly including an overview of the experiments
- Jost et al., Emissions of acetone, acetonitile, and SO2
- Holzinger, Crutzen, et al., Emissions of volatile organics
- Landman et al., Emissions from Kruger region
- Korontzi et al., Regional emissions for Southern Africa
Another relevant paper by Hely et al. - Analysis of fuel loads, areas burned , and C emissions near Mongu, Zambia - has already been submitted
Action Crutzen may visit UVA in Mar/Apr to work on manuscripts
Action Hely will give Lobert and Keene copies of her submitted manuscript
13) Publication Schedule
Swap indicated that the submission deadline for inclusion in the first special section of SAFARI papers had been moved back from mid Feb to mid Mar 02. Late papers may still make the section if finalized before the acceptance deadline (9 months later). It is possible but unlikely that our manuscripts would be submitted in time for this section. If we miss it, we will try to publish a collected set soon thereafter or, alternatively, could join a second special issue on SAFARI if the timing works out.
14) Other SAFARI Publications and Plans
- A book focusing on integration is planned. This may be published with a companion book focusing on policy-related issues
- A SAFARI workshop has been tentatively scheduled for mid October 02 at UVA.
- Future special sections are also likely